NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

UNIVERSITY VILLAGE, PLOT 91, CASDASTRAL ZONE, NNAMDI AZIKIWE EXPRESS WAY, JABI, ABUJA.
FACULTY OF SCIENCES
OCTOBER 2013 EXAMINATION

COURSE CODE:           BIO306

COURSE TITLE:            GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY II

TIME ALLOWED:         2 HOURS

INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY FOUR QUESTIONS

1ai. Define the term osmoregulation.

   ii. Distinguish between osmoconformers and osmoregulator

  bi. Explain the need for osmoregulation in animals.

  ii. Describe the relationship between osmotic equilibrium and ionic composition  of marine animals.

2ai. Enumerate the osmotic challenges animals in the freshwater environment face.

   ii. Highlight the factors affecting evaporative water loss in terrestrial animals.

   bi. How do terrestrial animals overcome the problems of water loss and water gains

ii. Write short notes on the following nitrogenous waste products:

1. ammonia
2. urea
3. uric acid

3ai. What do you understand by the term excretory organ?

   ii Outline the functions of the mammalian kidney.

2. Briefly describe the urinary disorders you know

4ai. Outline the kinds of water available to plants in the soil.

   ii. Compare transpiration and evaporation.

2. Discuss how certain factors affect the rate of water absorption in plants.

5ai. List the factors affecting stomatal opening and closing.

   ii. Explain the mechanism of guttation.

2. What is the significance of the following:

1. diffusion
2. osmosis

6ai. Enumerate the factors affecting imbibition.

    ii. Describe the consequences of plasmolysis.

bi.  Outline the common defects of the eye.

   c.   Briefly explain the following:

(i) mechanism of hearing

(ii) perception of body balance