CHAPTER ONE

 INTRODUCTION

The usage of antibiotics is the most essential factors that promotes the emergence, selction and dissemination of antibiotic- resistance microorganisms in both veterinary and human medicine (Daniles et al, 2009). This acquired resistance not only in pathogenic bacteria but also in the endogenous flora of exposed individuals (animals and humans).Escherichia Coli Isolated

Also, intensively reared food animals, antibiotic may be administered to whole flocks rather than individual animals, and antimicrobial agent may be continuously fed to food animals. Such as poultry, goats and cattle as growth promoters.Escherichia Coli Isolated

Furthermore, the antibiotic selection pressure for bacteria drug resistance in animal is high and invariably their feacal flora contains a relatively high proportion of resistant bacteria (Whitworth et al, 2008, Literak et al, 2010).

The mechanisms for spreading antibiotic resistance from animal to human and vice versa remains controversial. Coli from chicken has been shown in human volunteers and there is historical evidence that animals are a reservoir for Escherichia coli found in humans (Akwar et al, 2008).Escherichia Coli Isolated

Fang et al, 2008 reported that the spread of antibiotic resistance plasmids in E. coli from chickens to human handles or of antibiotic microorganisms from animal to humans in various countries has been reported.Escherichia Coli Isolated

Resistance has been found in organisms common to both humans and animals such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Enterococcs among others (Davis et al, 2009). Due to the intricate balance of micro flora of different habitats within the ecosystem, the transfer of the resistance genes among bacteria occupying different habitats has the potential to occur frequently. (Call et al., 2008)

Escherichia coli is a gram negative, rod shape bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of poikilothermic (warmblooded) organisms (endolherms).Escherichia Coli Isolated

Most Escherichia coli strains are harmless, but some serotype can cause serious food poisoning in humans and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination (Migular et al., 2007).Escherichia Coli Isolated

Also the harmless strains are part of the normal floral of the gut and can benefit their host [by producing vitamin k₂ and by preventing the establishment of the pathogenic bacteria within the intestine (Michael et al., 2002)

Escherichia coli and related bacteria composed of about 0.1% of the gut flora and fecal oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause diseases (Okoli et al., 2005).Escherichia Coli Isolated

Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited amount of time which makes them ideal indicator organisms to test environmental sample for fecal contamination.Escherichia Coli Isolated

However, a growing body of research that has examined environmentally persistence of Escherichia coli which can survive fro extended period of time outside the host (Lee et al., 1996)Escherichia Coli Isolated

Furthermore, the bacterium can also be grown easily and in expensively in a laboratory setting and has been inextensively investigated fro over 60 years. Escherichia coli is the most widely studied and an important species in the field of biotechnology and microbiology as well, where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA (Davis et al., 2008).Escherichia Coli Isolated

Conclusively, this was done to ascertain the significant of antibiotics resistance usage in microorganism and human medicines and also to know the mechanisms for spreading antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli in animals and vice versa which remain controversial.Escherichia Coli Isolated